能翻能译的都过来看看
目前国内单车资料较少，且不系统，而国外资料对国内车友阅读又有困难，本着学习单车知识、修练英文的水平的想法，想问问大家是否有兴趣参加翻译单车资料的工作？ 此项目工程浩大，需要多人协作，历时可能很长，不过如果参与人员数量达到5人或者10人，几个月翻译出来还是完全有可能的。下面帖子附上目录的最初几页的内容，大家讨论一下。 下面选的这本书名为《车轮》，共146页，如果大家有兴趣，就让我们从车轮开始吧。theBicycle Wheel
Third Edition
Jobst Brandt
Illustrated by Sherry Sheffield
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3
The Wheel: Ancient and Modern 4
The Disk Wheel 4
PART I THEORY OF THE SPOKED WHEEL ................... 5
How the Wheel Supports a Load ............................................................ 6 Tension and Compression 7 The Wheel Stands on its Spokes 10
LOADS ................................................................................................................. 13
Static Loads .................................................................................................. 14 Spoke Tension 14 Tubular Tire Pressure 14 Clincher Tire Pressure 14 Nonclinching Tire Pressure 15
Dynamic Loads ........................................................................................... 16 Radial Loads 17 Wheel Deflection 18 Braking Loads 20 Lateral Loads 22 Torsional Loads 22 Effects of Torsional Loads 22 Pulling and Pushing Spokes 24
Wheel Failure ............................................................................................. 28 Wheel Collapse 28 Component Failure 29 Metals and Stress 29 Metal Fatigue 30 Spoke Failure 30 Rear Wheel Spoke Failure 32 Rim Failure 32
WHEEL STRENGTH .................................................................................... 33
Strength and Durability ........................................................................... 35
Stiffness ......................................................................................................... 37 Radial Stiffness 37 Lateral Stiffness 38 Torsional Stiffness 41 Enough Stiffness 42
COMPONENTS ............................................................................................... 45
Spokes ............................................................................................................ 46 Straight Spokes 46 Swaged Spokes 46 Elbow-Less Spokes 47 Flat and Oval Spokes 48 Other Special Spokes 48 Spoke Thickness and Performance 48 Spoke Threads 49 Spoke Twist 50 Spoke Materials 51 Nonmetallic and Composite Spokes 51
Spoke Nipples ............................................................................................. 52 Nipple Lengths 52 Hex Head Nipples 52
Rims ............................................................................................................... 53 Rim Design 53 Aerodynamic Rims 53 Rim Spoke Holes 54 Clicking Rim Noises 54 Rim Joint 54 Rim Material 55 Wood-Filled Rims for Tubular Tires 56 Anodized Aluminum Rims 57 Ceramic Coated Rims 57 Braking Characteristics 58 Brake Heating 58
Hubs ............................................................................................................... 59 Hub Design 59 Small- and Large-Flange Hubs 60 Flange Diameter and Torsional Stiffness 61 High-Low Rear Hubs 62 Torsional Stiffness of the Rear Hub 64
WHEEL DESIGN ............................................................................................ 65
Number of Spokes ..................................................................................... 66
Spoke Patterns ............................................................................................ 67 Radial Spoking 67 Crossed Spoking 67 Number of Spoke Crossings 68 Interlaced Spokes 68 Identical and Mirror Image Spoking 68 Combined Spoking Patterns 70
Spoke Tension ............................................................................................ 71 Soft Spoking 71
Correcting the Spoke Line ..................................................................... 72
Stress Relieving .......................................................................................... 74 How Stress Relieving Works 74 How to Relieve Stress 74
Tied-and-Soldered Spokes ..................................................................... 76
PART II BUILDING AND REPAIRING WHEELS ............. 77 Parts and Tools .......................................................................................... 79
How to Select Components ................................................................... 80 Rims 80 Hubs 80 Spokes 80 Nipples 81 Spoke Wrench 82 Getting Ready 83
Inserting the Spokes ................................................................................. 84 The First Spoke 85 Aero Rims 85 All Hubs 86 The First Set 87 The Second Set 88 The Third Set 90 Crossing the Spokes 91 The Fourth Set 93
Tensioning the Wheel ............................................................................. 95 Warning 95 Taking Out the Slack 95 Making Them Tight 95 Spoke Twist 96 Tension by Tone 96 Correcting the Spoke Line 96
Truing the Wheel ...................................................................................... 99 Small and Large Errors 99 Wheels with Multiple Sprockets 100 Radial Truing 100 Lateral Truing 102 Centering 102 The Rim Joint 104 Final Tensioning 104 Finding the Right Tension 105 Balancing Tension 105 Stress Relieving 106 The Wheel is Finished 107
Optional Spoke Patterns and Features ............................................. 108
Radial Spoking 108
Key-Holed Hubs 108
Mixed Spoke Patterns 109
Lacing One Side at a Time 109
Tying and Soldering 112
Wheel Repair ............................................................................................ 113 Spoke Failure 113 Soft Wheel Failure 114 Dented Rim 114 Replacing a Rim 116 Reusing Spokes 116
Optional Tools and Their Uses .......................................................... 117 Truing Stand 117 Centering Tool 117 Nipple Driver 118 Tensiometer 118
PART III EQUATIONS AND TESTS ...................................... 121 Tying and Soldering ............................................................................... 123
Spoke Strength ......................................................................................... 124
Equations .................................................................................................... 126 Spoke Lengths 126
Finite Element Computer Analysis .................................................... 131
GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................... 139 Bicycle Wheel
INTRODUCTION
When I tried to build my first wheels, I found no books on wheels, and magazine articles offered little help. There was no information about why I should use a particular hub, rim, spoke, or spoke pattern other than that one was "more responsive" than another. The little information I could find was vague and often contradictory.
Where I expected to find the technical principles of wheel building, I found lore and mystique but no written record of the wire-spoked wheel. I believe there was no record because, as a craft, wheel building had generally been learned through informal apprenticeship. It seemed that as long as wheels worked, they were considered unworthy of further investigation. Some builders who developed methods that produced better wheels made their techniques known, others apparently either kept them secret or failed to recognize their significance.
Guided by engineering principles, and with time and experience, I learned to build true and durable wheels. By observing failures, I discovered the effects of different building techniques and various components. Today I realize that the poor quality of the spokes available at that time helped my discoveries. These spokes quickly revealed the merits of different building techniques by a change in their rate of failure.
INTRODUCTION
Bicycles endure unusually high stresses at unusually low speeds, and for this reason seem to violate many design rules that apply to other machines. Because the bicycle is unusual, conventional wisdom has at times led to misconceptions about its wheels. I wrote this book to preserve the information that I gathered and to help others avoid errors that often have led to failures. I hope it fills the void that I perceived.
THE WHEEL: ANCIENT AND MODERN
Although the origin of the wheel may be obscure, its invention as a load carrying device marked the advent of machinery. Today the wheel is an essential part of most machines in the form of gears, pulleys, cams, sprockets, bearings, and other rotating devices. However, it is still most conspicuous as a load carrier; and, from a technical perspective, the bicycle wheel stands out as one of the most elegant of these.
The wire-spoked bicycle wheel was introduced more than a century ago to replace wooden wheels with thick, rigid spokes. Tensioning the wires made these wheels possible, and with them came the lightweight bicycle that we know today. Wire spokes not only reduced weight but also improved durability. Today's wire wheels can carry more than a hundred times their own weight. In off-road bicycling, skilled riders often jump from high obstacles, subjecting their wheels to forces of more than a quarter ton. The wheel's strength is even more impressively demonstrated in the heat of competition where these forces are encountered repeatedly at high speed. Although the bicycle is the world's most common vehicle, few people understand how its wheels achieve their unusual strength.
THE DISK WHEEL
Since earlier editions of this book, disk and other streamlined wheels have been allowed in bicycle racing. This may have been an unfortunate decision because their use has not improved enjoyment of the sport for either participant or spectator, and their construction is out of the hands of bicycle shops and users. Disk wheels are expensive, heavy, and wind sensitive. Although they have contributed toward slight increases in record speeds, they have substantially increased the cost of competing. Because the rule against "unfair advantage" specifically prohibits using any device that is not available to all racers in an event, these wheels give no competitive advantage. Unlike other technical advances, they have not made bicycles safer or simpler to operate.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I (theory) explains how wheels respond to loads. It investigates the merits of various designs and components, and the causes of their failures. Part II (practice) gives a step-by-step guide for building front and rear wheels as well as wheels with various patterns and numbers of spokes. Part III (data and equations) contains test results and equations for computing spoke lengths and other wheel dimensions. PART I
THEORY OF THE
SPOKED WHEEL
HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD
HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD
Bicycle wheels don't work the way most people think they do. Wire wheels are prestressed structures, with built-in stresses that are reduced when they are subjected to loads. An understanding of prestressed structures will make the forces at work in a wheel more apparent. In selecting bicycle wheels, knowing how forces affect the components is essential. Without this knowledge selecting components is guesswork, and failures will remain a mystery.
Many people believe it is self-evident that the hub hangs from the upper spokes, and that these spokes become tighter when you get on the bicycle. This type of misconception is similar to the belief, once widely held, that the sun rotates around the earth. What may appear self-evident is not always true. The bicycle wheel does not work the way it appears to, but rather in a way that seems to defy common sense. A review of some physical concepts will help to explain this paradox.
In this analysis only the structural parts of the wheel — hub, rim, spokes, and
spoke nipples — and the forces that affect them will be considered. Axles,
bearings, and tires play no direct role here. They are not part of the wheel
structure that is composed of spokes stretched between a hub and rim by
threaded nipples. For simplicity, consider the wheel as stationary with an
immovable hub, and allow the road to push up against the rim.
HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD
TENSION AND COMPRESSION
In the bicycle wheel, wires replace the rigid spokes of wooden wheels. Although wires are strong, they cannot directly replace wooden spokes that carry loads in compression. In order to work, wires must be tensioned to prevent their buckling under load. With tension, wires can support compression loads up to the point where they become slack. The same loads that increase compression in wooden spokes, reduce tension in wires. As in algebra, where negative and positive numbers are combined to give algebraic sums, in spokes tension and compression are the negative and positive forces whose sums depend on built-in spoke tension and the carried load.
Figure 1. Loaded wagon wheel
HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD
A wheel with wire spokes works the same as one with wooden spokes except that the built-in force in its spokes is different. In a wooden-spoked wheel, force is transmitted from the ground to the hub by compressing the bottom spoke. This spoke becomes shorter as it furnishes the upward force to the hub. As in a wooden-spoked wheel, the bottom spokes of a wire wheel become shorter under load, but instead of gaining in compression, they lose tension. With the same load, the net change in force is the same for both wheels. The algebraic sum of negative and positive forces (compression and tension) is the same.
HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD
That the bottom spokes support the wheel need not be taken on faith. An experiment will show that only a few spokes at the bottom of the wheel are affected by a vertical load. The relative tension of a spoke can be found by plucking it like a guitar string. The pitch of a spoke, just as the pitch of a guitar string, increases with more tension and decreases with less tension.
When comparing tones, pluck spokes near their nipples with your fingernail. This excites the higher vibration modes and avoids confusion with the mixed lower modes that would occur in crossed spokes that touch (not a problem with radial spokes). With an assistant, who alternately gets on and off the bicycle, you can monitor the pitch of the same spoke moved to various wheel positions and determine how this spoke is affected. Using the same spoke for each test ensures that variations in tension among spokes do not affect the results. Side loads also change spoke tension, so make sure that the "rider" sits centered on the bicycle so that it is balanced.
1 0 HOW THE WHEEL SUPPORTS A LOAD hoho
难为人啊......
我是爱莫能助，不好意思了，不过我有从网上找得手变等禧玛诺部件的拆解图不知有谁需要 我刚拆了rx100和sora两种手变，你有的是那种？贴上来看看，对维修应该很有帮助 挺好的想法,支持!内容非常专业,有些难度,可以试试. 哈，加上强尼与感冒兄以及我，有四个人了，hoho，我尽快制定个文档